Praxis My School Psychology Practice Exam

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• How many data points should be collected for an accurate baseline?
• What is the gender ratio for the prevalence of Anxiety disorders?
• In a social skills program, which process is NOT typically included?
• Construct-related validity assesses what aspect of a test?
• What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where individuals may imitate completed suicide?
• What is the timeframe in which schools must hold a resolution meeting after receiving a complaint?
• What aspects of behavior are considered key in measurement?
• What is the minimum IQ score typically classified as gifted?
• What role does Wernicke's Area play in language?
• What is the key focus of the "Identity vs Role Confusion" stage?
• How is internal consistency reliability assessed?
• Which model is characterized by focusing interventions directly on the child and teaching them skills?
• What stage of Erikson's development focuses on the challenge of identity vs. role confusion?
• What does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) provide for children from birth to age 3?
• What does the term 'aphasia' refer to in psychology?
• What is the median in a set of scores?
• What does the term 'confounding factors' encompass?
• Which psychologist contributed to behaviorism by emphasizing the role of cognition?
• During which stage of Piaget's cognitive development do children begin to use symbols to represent objects?
• What do parents have the right to request in disputes regarding special education?
• What are the two main components of a phoneme?
• What is one individual coping style identified in the BASIC Ph Model?
• What are the fluency-based indicators in DIBELS designed to measure?
• How should consequences be delivered to be effectively reinforcing?
• What primary belief did Arnold Gessell hold about child development?
• What is indicated by the term 'Gs' in cognitive assessment models?
• What does the Perkins Act specifically help transition for special education students?
• When assessing bilingual students, which of the following is important to consider?
• In what way does selective attention function in the context of basic information processing?
• What do T-scores use as their mean and standard deviation?
• What is primarily assessed in a summative evaluation?
• What limitation did the Larry P v. Riles case place on the special education classrooms?
• Which strategy is characterized by monitoring student mastery through small groups?
• What principle is emphasized in the responsibility of psychologists to promote fair treatment?
• Which component is involved in the encoding process of cognitive psychology?
• What is one of the broad purposes of universal screening?
• What characterizes the formal operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development?
• What does extinction in behavioral terms refer to?
• In the context of discipline, what does the immediacy principle emphasize?
• What impact does success or failure in elementary school years have according to the "Industry vs Inferiority" stage?
• What emotional impact is often seen in students who have been retained?
• What characterizes judgments in the postconventional level of moral development?
• What does reliability refer to in standardized tests?
• In phonological processing, what does phonemic awareness involve?
• Which of the following is NOT a component of Epstein's parental involvement model?
• What motivation principle underlies Adlerian therapy?
• Who is known for proposing the critical period for language acquisition?
• What does latency recording track?
• How many primary mental abilities did Louis Thurstone identify?
• Which is a key component of effective small-group instruction?
• What was the key ruling in the PASE vs Hannon case regarding standardized tests?
• What does the split-half method involve?
• What provision does Lau v Nicholes ensure for ESL students?
• What is the primary objective of response cost as a behavioral modification method?
• What is one characteristic of Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM)?
• Which tests are commonly used to evaluate language skills?
• What is the estimated prevalence of ADHD in the population?
• What is a potential downside of using token economies in educational settings?
• During which psychosexual stage does a child become preoccupied with sexual anatomy and gender differences?
• What does Spearman's 'g' suggest about overall IQ scores?
• How do stanines relate to standard deviations?
• Why should the DAS-1 be used with caution?
• In gestalt therapy, what is the primary focus?
• Which theory is closely associated with behavioral techniques in schools?
• Which aspect of special education was highlighted in Oberti v. Clementon regarding student placement?
• What is considered an appropriate reliability coefficient for standardized tests?
• What significant development occurred in the 1940-1949 decade related to psychology?
• In relation to reading problems, which area of the brain is implicated in phonological processing difficulties?
• What is ABA primarily utilized for?
• What does duration recording measure?
• Which researcher is associated with the development of the Stanford-Binet test in the USA?
• What differentiates the views of Spearman and Thurstone on intelligence?
• Which of the following is an example of maintaining honesty and integrity in professional relationships?
• What foundational aspect of psychology is associated with William Wundt's work?
• What cognitive process does 'planning' refer to in the PASS model?
• Which coping style focuses on emotional sharing according to the BASIC Ph Model?
• What is the goal of evaluating assessment results in an FBA?
• During which decade was the first NASP exam conducted?
• Which factor should be examined across time in CBM?
• What does an analysis of covariance help to control for?
• Predictive validity often involves which type of measurement?
• In the prevalence of depression, which group shows higher rates of diagnosis?
• Which court case revolved around providing equal educational opportunities regardless of socioeconomic status?
• Which decade is associated with the development of professional growth and training programs in psychology?
• What is one effective teaching method mentioned for addressing diverse learning needs?
• How can a zero-tolerance policy adversely affect minority students?
• What noteworthy benefit does service learning offer to students?
• What is the first level of data-based decision making?
• What role does simultaneous processing play in the PASS model?
• What is the purpose of a test-retest method?
• What timeframe should schools consider for special education if a student does not show progress?
• What should a school psychologist do if there are no correct responses in three or more consecutive sessions?
• What does the acronym ICEL stand for in relation to ecological assessment?
• What is the primary objective of time sampling interval recording?
• What is a common strategy used in effective bully prevention programs?
• What is a primary responsibility of school psychologists towards schools and communities?
• Which of the following is NOT a data point for social-emotional assessment?
• What timeframe marks the origins of psychology as a professional field?
• What happens if a student's manifestation hearing is suspended for more than 10 days?
• What does Bandura's social learning theory emphasize regarding children's learning?
• Which principle is emphasized in the NASP principles for school psychologists?
• What is a key consideration for school psychologists when administering cognitive tests?
• What does the Das-Naglieri PASS model focus on?
• Which of the following is associated with students who have been retained?
• What intervention should be implemented if the percentage of correct responses is below 85%?
• What does the term "normal curve of scores" refer to in the context of assessment?
• Why is tracking in education considered negative?
• What are formative evaluations primarily used for?
• Which instructional approach is appropriate for students with Down Syndrome?
• What do students need before they can begin to effect change in their lives?
• What significant organizational development took place in 1960-1969 for school psychologists?
• What effect does negative reinforcement have on behavior?
• What type of data is NOT part of a standard FBA?
• What key event occurred in the 1990-1999 decade that impacted school psychology?
• What is shaping in behavioral psychology?
• What is the goal of discriminant validity?
• What is the primary developmental challenge during the initiative vs. guilt stage?
• How does the consultant-centered model indirectly assist the client?
• Which factor is significant in the development of identity during adolescence?
• What significant trait develops when a child successfully resolves the challenge of trust vs. mistrust?
• What does the "zero reject principle" emphasize in education?
• What does the SQ3R method stand for?
• What must be documented before proceeding without parental consent for triennial reviews?
• What educational movement began expanding the identity and practice of NASP around the year 2000?
• Which year marked the passage of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act?
• Which of the following best describes a percentile rank?
• What analysis method can be used to estimate the general pattern of change?
• What does whole-interval recording involve?
• Which of the following reflects the concept of professional competence?
• What does a morpheme represent in a language?
• What should be the optimal distance of the data points from the trend line in terms of percentage?
• In which decade did the first major regulations and laws for psychological practice occur?
• What principle is associated with the requirement to establish child find in education?
• What does cognitive therapy emphasize in its practice?
• What are curriculum-based measures (CBM) designed to assess?
• When creating clear and consistent school rules, what is advised in PBS?
• According to the Diana v. state board of education ruling, assessments must be given in what manner?
• Which initial data collection source involves gathering existing information about a student?
• What is required before an evaluation can proceed according to consent regulations?
• In the context of Positive Behavior Support (PBS), what is one critical feature?
• Reality therapy, associated with Dr. Phil, emphasizes what approach to life?
• Who can be included in the special education team besides the required members?
• What is the general intelligence factor known as in Spearman's theory?
• What stage of development, according to Erikson, focuses on children aged 6-12 years?
• According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need must be met first?
• Adlerian therapy emphasizes the importance of what in driving behavior?
• What is noted as forming during the 1950-1959 decade in the field of psychology?
• What is the primary focus of the consultative-centered model in a school psychology setting?
• Which of the following is NOT a reason for data collection?
• Which statement best describes a multi-way ANOVA?
• Which requirement is associated with the No Child Left Behind Act?
• What is a critical aspect to assess when conducting a suicide assessment?
• What is a significant source of error in progress monitoring?
• According to Rowley v Board of Education, what type of education must schools provide to students with disabilities?
• Which area of the brain is broadly associated with speech and language processing?
• What percentage range is typically considered for the occurrence of dyscalculia?
• What approach involves a sequence of modeling, feedback, and independent practice?
• Which of the following disabilities is covered by IDEA 2004?
• What is significant about the year 2010 in relation to NASP?
• What is frequency or event recording primarily used for?
• Which psychologist is credited with the concept of the bell curve?
• What is frequently cited as a common cause of PTSD?
• Which of the following is an alternative to state-created tests?
• Which member of the special education team interprets evaluation results?
• What describes the mode in statistics?
• Which act mandates informed parental consent for aversive procedures?
• At what age range do children typically experience the "Initiative vs Guilt" stage of development?
• Who are the prominent figures associated with the humanistic approach in psychology?
• What should be the primary focus of a crisis response immediately following an event?
• What best describes modification in educational tasks?
• What is a phoneme in the context of language?
• What is the first step in the behavioral model's basic approach to addressing issues?
• What technique is associated with rational-emotive counseling?
• What does DIBELS measure?
• What does range measure in a set of scores?
• What is the purpose of conducting curriculum-based measurements (CBMs) in schools?
• How do children at the conventional stage typically determine right from wrong?
• What is the common gender ratio for the diagnosis of ADHD?
• What does a higher reliability coefficient indicate?
• Which individual must be present at an IEP meeting if a member is excused?
• What is the overarching goal of formative evaluations?
• Which of the following characterizes the goal of psychoanalytic counseling?
• What does the term "trend" refer to in the context of progress monitoring?
• What is a significant consequence of retention in students?
• What does 'readiness' generally refer to in an educational context?
• What is considered a major focus of the psychological practice that emerged between 1870-1909?
• During which decade did the expansion and acceptance of psychology as a professional discipline occur?
• What is convergent validity?
• When a student's performance is accurate but slow, what is the recommended focus for improvement?
• Which of the following is a key benefit of using CBM?
• In statistics, what does standard deviation indicate?
• In multivariate ANOVA, what does it examine?
• What are important techniques in social skills interventions?
• What is a primary advantage of unstructured interviews?
• Students with both phonological processing difficulties and fluency deficits are known to be?
• What brain region is thought to be underactive in individuals with bipolar disorder?
• What does a level of performance indicate in data monitoring?
• What can result if a child does not succeed in any of the psychosexual stages?
• Which aspect of Epstein's model involves participation in school events?
• What characteristic defines the client-centered model's effectiveness on a group level?
• What does the horizontal axis on a behavioral progress graph typically represent?
• What part of Freud's personality structure attempts to satisfy needs through socially acceptable behaviors?
• At what stage do individuals typically face the challenge of intimacy vs. isolation?
• What does successful navigation of the industry vs. inferiority stage encourage in children?
• What is a common reaction to extreme stress for adolescents?
• What is the focus of the capacity approach in education?
• Which of the following defines a primary goal when teaching school-wide expectations?
• What does variance measure in statistics?
• What does face and content validity refer to in test construction?
• What does the term 'cognitive' primarily describe?
• What significant event related to school psychology occurred in 2008?
• Which law requires strict procedures for student record keeping in schools?
• Which assessments are commonly used to evaluate math skills specific to dyscalculia?
• The "Id" in Freud's psychodynamic stages operates on what principle?
• What does 'Gsm' refer to within intelligence assessments?
• Which of the following concepts is central to the work of Spearman and Thurstone in psychometrics?
• What does ipsative scoring compare?
• What is a characteristic of z-scores?
• How often should IEP meetings be held after the initial evaluation?
• What important regulations were established in the 1980-1989 decade regarding psychological practice?
• Which level of data-based decision making is associated with RTI?
• When must prior written notice be given to parents regarding educational changes?
• What is a key characteristic of the genital stage of psychosexual development?
• What is required for a member of the IEP team to be excused from a meeting?
• Which of the following is a benefit of service learning?
• What did the Lau v. Nichols case address?
• What was Arnold Gessell's contribution to school psychology in 1915?
• What outcome did the Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley case result in?
• At what age does the oral psychosexual stage occur?
• What was the primary purpose of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA)?
• What is a potential limitation of unstructured interviews?
• What is the primary focus of effective bully prevention programs?
• Which of the following stages involves a focus on friendships with peers of the same gender?
• Which of the following is not a step in the problem-solving consultation format?
• What is interrater reliability?
• What is Arthur Jensen known for in the field of psychology?
• What does the "Super Ego" represent in Freud's model of the mind?
• What is a stance on learning or instruction in a student's native language for English Language Learners (ELL)?
• What is a potential factor associated with dyslexia?
• What does the "least dangerous assumption" principle advocate for?
• What is a barrier to collaboration mentioned in the text?
• What characterizes positive reinforcement?
• What is the result of high predictive validity?
• When is partial-interval recording most effective?
• Who was the first individual to measure intelligence in relation to the normal curve?
• What is the main function of the parietal lobe?
• How does variable ratio reinforcement differ from fixed ratio reinforcement?
• Which of the following best describes metacognition?
• Which function is primarily associated with the temporal lobe?
• Which type of ANOVA is best suited for studying groups with multiple dependent variables?
• What role does adult supervision play in promoting a safe school environment?
• Which of these factors can complicate collaboration with parents in educational settings?
• What type of measurement provides information on the effectiveness of specific interventions regarding target behavior?
• What key principle was established in the Oberti v. Clementon case?
• What does self-dialogue refer to in the context of behavior modification?
• What does semantics study in the context of language?
• Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's psychosexual stages?
• Which statistic is commonly used to express internal consistency reliability?
• What is the goal of collecting frequency data and analyzing its variability?
• When should an intervention be changed according to data analysis?
• Who must be included in the special education team?
• Which factor is crucial to the academic success or failure of students?
• According to the Premark Principle, how can low-level behavior be influenced?
• Which psychosexual stage involves the child learning to postpone personal gratification?
• What was a significant outcome of the Hobson v. Hansen case?
• Which factors can be considered confounding factors in test results?
• What are some consequences associated with a zero-tolerance policy in schools?
• What does the mean represent in a distribution of scores?
• Emotional Disturbance (ED) is not generally based on what type of behavior?
• Who is associated with the concept of students working collaboratively to learn?
• Within how many years must complaints regarding educational disputes be filed?
• What genetic condition is commonly associated with Down Syndrome?
• What does a Type 2 error involve in hypothesis testing?
• What is essential for implementing the immediacy principle effectively?
• Which decade is associated with the establishment of strict modern regulations for psychological practices?
• Which outcome is associated with properly resolving the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage according to Erikson?
• In educational settings, what does accommodation refer to?
• What behavioral model aims mainly to reduce undesirable behaviors by altering the relationship between the behavior and the environment?
• Why is reliability important in assessment?
• What group of students is reported to have the highest percentage of retention?
• What area of psychology did Francis Galton primarily influence?
• What is the purpose of Domain-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced Tests?
• Criterion measurement is not based on what statistical model?
• Which type of processing is represented by the term 'Gv'?
• Which score is best for understanding the common performance level in educational testing?
• Which is a benefit of universal screening?
• Who is recognized as the father of school psychology?
• Structured interviews allow for which of the following?
• In what year did the National Association of School Psychologists celebrate its 40th anniversary?
• What is a limitation of universal screening?
• What is a summative evaluation?
• In which stage of moral development do individuals begin to question societal norms and consider personal ethics?
• Under what circumstances must a school take special action according to the Tarasoff precedent?
• Which legislation replaced the Education for All Handicapped Children Act?
• At what age does the latency stage of psychosexual development take place?
• What is the maximum duration between re-evaluations according to education regulation?
• Which function is associated with the Glr intelligence factor?
• What does validity measure in standardized tests?
• What is the focus of semi-structured interviews?
• What should school psychologists consistently seek when they are uncertain about a task?
• What does pragmatics specify?
• What new identity related to psychology was considered during the 1990-1999 decade?
• What type of reasoning is associated with fluid intelligence?
• What is emphasized as essential feedback during the practice of new skills?
• Which neurotransmitter deficiencies are implicated in ADHD?
• What is an advantage of structured interviews?
• Which theory did Charles Spearman develop related to intelligence?
• Which of the following best describes the role of a consultant in the context of school psychology?
• How do elementary school children typically respond to extreme stress?
• In Maslow's hierarchy, what does the need for esteem include?
• What does CBA stand for in the context of assessment programs?
• What aspect of cognitive abilities does auditory processing refer to?
• What is one purpose of parental communication in Epstein's model?
• What aspect does "zone of proximal development" relate to in effective instruction?
• Which figure is most associated with existential counseling?
• Which counseling approach seeks congruence between the real and ideal self?
• What model is CWPT based on?
• Which legal case emphasizes the need for appropriate educational accommodations for non-native English speakers?
• What developmental stage is characterized by a child learning to explore and do things for themselves?
• What does a one-way ANOVA test?
• Which researcher contributed to psychometrics by helping develop factor analysis?
• Which stage of moral development emphasizes conformity to societal rules?
• In a consultative-centered model, the consultee is viewed as which of the following?
• What do educational agencies aim to achieve with their annual screening tests?
• What is an extreme stress reaction in children aged 0-5?
• Why is it important to mitigate extraneous factors during assessments?
• The PARC vs Commonwealth of PA case is significant for what reason?
• Which of the following processes involves information retrieval in cognitive psychology?
• What is the prevalence of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disability?
• What is the stance on parental consent for counseling, according to provided standards?
• What are the common emotional outcomes associated with learned helplessness?
• What is the key legal obligation established by the Tarasoff case?
• What does the term "scored as present or absent" imply in momentary time sampling?
• What is a key characteristic of alternative and parallel forms of reliability?
• What does analysis of covariance do in a statistical analysis?
• What does conjoint behavioral consultation specifically emphasize?
• What is the primacy memory effect?
• What percentage of the population may experience anxiety disorders?
• Under FERPA, what right do parents have regarding their children’s educational records?
• What does criterion-related validity focus on?
• What does Gestalt therapy aim to shift in a client?
• What does the Perkins Act provide for special education students?
• What is an essential step after implementing an intervention based on assessment results?
• What must be controlled to ensure that an observed intervention effect is valid?
• What does flexible grouping primarily aim to address?
• How are scores from norm-referenced tests typically described?
• What is the primary function of construct-related validity?
• What does momentary time sampling measure?
• Who is most closely associated with the principles of behaviorism?
• What does the 'Ga' intelligence factor measure?
• In what year did Lewis Terman conduct his study on gifted children?
• Which method is used to improve interrater reliability?
• What are stanines in educational testing?
• What is an essential right that must be respected according to ethical standards in psychology?
• What is the primary characteristic of the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
• What is meant by a "measure of dispersion" in statistics?
• What underlying theme can be traced through cases like Larry P v. Riles and Guadalupe v. Temple School District?
• Which of Erik Erikson’s stages is marked by the challenge of trust vs. mistrust?
• What does Dr. Philip Vernon's perspective on intelligence emphasize?
• Which of the following is not a step in promoting a safe school environment?
• What does the 'social' coping style in the BASIC Ph Model emphasize?
• In what time period did William Wundt establish the first psychology lab?
• Why might z-scores be used less frequently than other scoring methods?
• What do cognitive psychology processes include in terms of information handling?
• In special education, can the minority representation in a special education program exceed that in the general population?
• Which need in Maslow's hierarchy encompasses friendship and family?
• What does task analysis involve in educational practice?
• What is a key therapeutic concept emphasized in the humanistic approach?
• What right was underscored in the Newport-Mesa Unified School District v. State of California Department of Education case?
• How frequently should sub-skill master measurement data be collected?
• How should language proficiency assessments be conducted for ELL/ESL students?
• What does a high standard deviation indicate about a dataset?
• Which law was instrumental in advocating for non-English speaking students' rights?
• One limitation of structured interviews is that:
• What is the primary purpose of debriefing in a crisis situation?
• Divergent validity is used to measure what?
• What is necessary to avoid when teaching new information to students?
• Which type of intelligence does the abbreviation 'Gf' refer to?
• What is the recency effect in memory?
• What methodology is Lightner Witmer known for in the field of psychology?
• In Piaget's cognitive stage theory, what is the focus of the sensorimotor stage?
• What is a significant reason for not using interpreters during assessments for bilingual students?
• Which of the following reflects a reason for using the alternative and parallel forms method?
• Which counseling theory emphasizes early life experience as a factor in human development?
• What is described by the term 'agnosia'?
• During which stage do sexual drives typically become less prominent?
• Which of the following can be a contributing factor to Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
• According to the behavioral model, what is the ultimate goal after implementing a plan?
• If data collected from assessments are highly variable, what should be considered?
• What differentiates norm-referenced tests from other types?
• What does crystallized ability primarily refer to in the context of intelligence assessment?
• Which of the following best describes bullying?
• What does fixed ratio reinforcement require before a reinforcer is given?
• What did the Guadalupe v. Temple School District case determine about identifying students as ID?
• What develops as a child internalizes parental or societal morals?
• What is an essential aspect of ecological systems in understanding a person's behavior?
• What is a significant outcome of the "Industry vs Inferiority" stage?
• What does SEM stand for in the context of reliability?
• Scores below which percentile are often considered a qualification for speech and language services?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of intellectual disability?
• According to Tart v Irving Independent School District, what must schools provide to students needing medical services?
• What must be provided to parents once per year according to procedural safeguards?
• IDEA 2004 mandates that students must be assessed using what kind of evaluations?
• What does CogAT assess?
• What type of activities are recommended for supporting children in crisis?
• Which of the following describes 'learned helplessness'?
• Which principle emphasizes connecting new learning to a student's prior knowledge?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the later developmental stages described by Erikson?
• At what age range does the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s theory typically occur?
• What is the Rehabilitation Act section 504 primarily known for?
• Which process is a component of phonological processing?
• Predictive validity is important for what reason?
• Which of the following is NOT typically a confounding factor in test results?
• Who is considered the father of psychology due to establishing the first psychology lab?
• What is the first step in conducting a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?
• What is the function of Broca's Area in the brain?
• What is a Type 1 error?
• What are the major domains included in a comprehensive special education evaluation?
• What does the CHC theory stand for in terms of cognitive ability?
• What is the purpose of bibliotherapy?
• What educational requirement is established for students receiving special education services based on the Rowley case?
• What characterizes a mixed factorial ANOVA?
• What is the ultimate goal of special education?
• According to CHC theory, what does Gf represent?