Which theory did Charles Spearman develop related to intelligence?

Charles Spearman developed the two-factor theory of intelligence, which posits that intelligence comprises a general factor (g) that influences overall cognitive ability and specific factors (s) that pertain to individual skills or abilities in particular areas. This theory suggests that while individuals may have varying capabilities in specific domains, they share a common underlying cognitive aptitude that drives performance across diverse intellectual tasks. The notion of a general intelligence factor supports the idea that intelligence is not merely a collection of unrelated skills but rather a cohesive construct that can be measured and assessed holistically.

In contrast, other theories mentioned focus on different aspects of intelligence. For instance, a multi-faceted intelligence model highlights different types of intelligence as proposed by Howard Gardner, emphasizing a broader range of abilities. The triarchic theory of intelligence, developed by Robert Sternberg, breaks intelligence into analytical, creative, and practical components. Lastly, the emotional intelligence framework, popularized by Daniel Goleman, pertains to the understanding and management of emotions rather than general cognitive intelligence. Spearman’s two-factor theory uniquely centers on the quantitative assessment of cognitive abilities, making it distinct among intelligence theories.