How does variable ratio reinforcement differ from fixed ratio reinforcement?

Variable ratio reinforcement is characterized by the fact that the number of behaviors required to receive a reward varies. This means that the individual does not know exactly when the reinforcement will occur, as it is based on an unpredictable number of responses. For example, a person might receive a reinforcement after 3 responses, then after 7, then after 5, and so on, making the reinforcement schedule highly variable and engaging.

In contrast, fixed ratio reinforcement involves a consistent and predictable number of behaviors needed to obtain a reward. For instance, one might be rewarded after every 5 responses. Because of this predictability, fixed ratio reinforcement can often lead to a more consistent but possibly less exciting performance.

This essential difference in the variability of the number of required responses is what makes variable ratio reinforcement particularly effective in maintaining high levels of behavior and engagement over time, as the uncertainty creates anticipation and reinforces the learning process.